Coal as Oil Source Rock

Selected References - revised November, 2009

   These bibliographic references have been compiled as a TSOP project, and organic petrologists have found the references to be useful in their work. They should be available at university or geological research center libraries. They are not available from TSOP, except for those listed on our Publications page, or as part of the TSOP Newsletter.

Ahmed, M., H. Volk, S.C. George, M. Faiz, and L. Stalker, 2009, Generation and expulsion of oils from Permian coals of the Sydney Basin, Australia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 40, p. 810-831.

Akande, S.O., I.B. Ogunmoyero, H.I. Petersen, and H.P. Nytoft, 2007, Source rock evaluation of coals from the Lower Maastrichtian Mamu Formation, SE Nigeria: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 30, p. 303-324.

Alsaab, D., I. Suarez-Ruiz, M. Elie, A. Izart, and L. Martinez, 2007, Comparision of generative capacities for bitumen and gas between Carboniferous coals from Donets Basin (Ukraine) and a Cretaceous coal from Sabinas-Piedras Negras Basin (Mexico) during artificial maturation in confined pyrolysis system: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 71, p. 85-102.

Bagge, M.A., and M.L. Keeley, 1994, The oil potential of Mid-Jurassic coals in northern Egypt, in A.C. Scott and A.J. Fleet, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata as oil-prone source rocks?: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 77, p. 183-200.

Barnard, P.C., A.G. Collins, and B.S. Cooper, 1981, Identification and distribution of kerogen facies in a source rock horizon - examples from the North Sea basin, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: New York, Academic Press, p. 271-281.

Bertrand, P., 1984, Geochemical and petrographic characterization of humic coals considered as possible oil source rocks, in P.A. Schenck, J.W. de Leeuw, and G.W.M. Lijmbach, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1983: Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 481-488.

Bertrand, P., F. Behar, and B. Durand, 1986, Composition of potential oil from humic coals in relation to their petrographic nature, in D. Leythaeuser and J. Rullkotter, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1985: Organic Geochemistry, v. 10, p. 601-608.

Bertrand, P., 1989, Microfacies and petroleum properties of coals as revealed by a study of North Sea Jurassic coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 13, p. 575-595.

Boreham, C.J., and T.G. Powell, 1993, Petroleum source rock potential of coal and associated sediments: qualitative and quantitative aspects, in B.E. Law and D.D. Rice, eds., Hydrocarbons from coal: AAPG Studies in Geology 38, p. 133-157.

Boreham, C.J., B. Horsfield, and H.J. Schenk, 1999, Predicting the quantities of oil and gas generated from Australian Permian coals, Bowen Basin using pyrolytic methods: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 16, p. 165-188.

Boudou, J.-P., J. Espitalié, J. Bimer, and P. Salbut, 1994, Oxygen groups and oil suppression during coal pyrolysis: Energy and Fuels, v. 8, p. 972-977.

Bradfield, J.J.C., 1943, Oil from coal: Qld. Geogr. J., p. 47-52.

Brooks, J.D., and J.W. Smith, 1967, The diagenesis of plant lipids during the formation of coal, petroleum and natural gas. I. changes in the n-paraffin hydrocarbons: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 31, p. 2389-2397.

Brooks, J.D., and J.W. Smith, 1969, The diagenesis of plant lipids during the formation of coal, petroleum and natural gas. II. coalification and the formation of oil and gas in the Gippsland basin: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 33, p. 1183-1194.

Brooks, J.D., 1970, The use of coals as indicators of the occurrence of oil and gas: APEA Journal, v. 10, p. 35-40.

Brooks, J.D., W.R. Hesp, and D. Rigby, 1971, The natural conversion of oil to gas in sediments in the Cooper basin: APEA Journal, v. 11, p. 121-125.

Bustin, R.M., 1988, Sedimentology and characteristics of dispersed organic matter in Tertiary Niger Delta: origin of source rocks in a deltaic environment: AAPG Bulletin, v. 72, p. 277-298.

Callejon, A.F., and K.K. Bissada, 2002, Role of coals and carbonaceous shales in the generation of oil in the eastern Venezuela basin: a "petroleum system approach" (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 18, p. 20.

Clayton, J.L., D.D. Rice, and G.E. Michael, 1991, Oil-generating coals of the San Juan basin, New Mexico and Colorado, U.S.A., in P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 735-742.

Clayton, J.L., 1993, Composition of crude oils generated from coals and coaly organic matter in shales, in B.E. Law and D.D. Rice, eds., Hydrocarbons from coal: AAPG Studies in Geology 38, p. 185-201.

Collinson, M.E., P.F. Van Bergen, A.C. Scott, and J.W. De Leeuw, 1994, The oil-generating potential of plants from coal and coal-bearing strata through time: a review with new evidence from Carboniferous plants, in A.C. Scott and A.J. Fleet, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata as oil-prone source rocks?: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 77, p. 31-70.

Cook, A.C., M. Smyth, and R.G. Vos, 1985, Source potential of Upper Triassic fluvio-deltaic systems of the Exmouth Plateau: APEA Journal, v. 25, pt. 1, p. 204-215.

Cook, A.C., and H.I.M. Struckmeyer, 1986, The role of coal as a source rock for oil, in R.C. Glenie, ed., Second southeastern Australia oil exploration symposium: Adelaide, Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, p. 419-432.

Curiale, J.A., and R. Lin, 1991, Tertiary deltaic and lacustrine organic facies: comparison of biomarker and kerogen distributions, in P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 785-803.

Curiale, J.A., P. Kyi, I.D. Collins, A. Din, K. Nyein, M. Nyunt, and C.J. Stuart, 1994, The central Myanmar (Burma) oil family - composition and implications for source: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, p. 237-255.

Curiale, J., R. Lin, and E. Lumadyo, 2002, Coal-sourced oils surrounding the Salayar Basin, Indonesia (abstract): TSOP Annual Meeting, abstract A3.1.3.

Curry, D.J., J.K. Emmett, and J.W. Hunt, 1994, Geochemistry of aliphatic-rich coals in the Cooper basin, Australia and Taranaki basin, New Zealand: implications for the occurrence of potentially oil-generative coals, in A.C. Scott and A.J. Fleet, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata as oil-prone source rocks?: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 77, p. 149-181.

Curry, D.J., and K.M. Bohacs, 2002, The influence of sequence stratigraphic position on the oil generation potential of coals (abstract): TSOP Annual Meeting, abstract A3.1.1.

Davis, R.C., S.W. Noon, and J. Harrington, 2007, The petroleum potential of Tertiary coals from western Indonesia: Relationship to mire type and sequence stratigraphic setting: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 70, p. 35-52.

Ducazeaux, J., K. Le Tran, and G. Nicolas, 1991, Brent coal typing by combined optical and geochemical studies: Bulletin Centres Recherches Exploration-Production, Elf Aquitaine, v. 15, p. 369-381.

Durand, B., and M. Paratte, 1983, Oil potential of coals: a geochemical approach, in J. Brooks, ed., Petroleum geochemistry and exploration of Europe: Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 255-265.

Fielding, C.R., and M. Glikson, 1992, Hydrous vitrinite as a liquid hydrocarbon source in Permian and Mesozoic eastern Australian coal (abstract): AAPG Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1101-1102.

Fleet, A.J., and A.C. Scott, 1994, Coal and coal-bearing strata as oil-prone source rocks: an overview, in A.C. Scott and A.J. Fleet, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata as oil-prone source rocks?: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 77, p. 1-8.

Fowler, M.G., F. Goodarzi, T. Gentzis, and P.W. Brooks, 1991, Hydrocarbon potential of Middle and Upper Devonian coals from Melville Island, Arctic Canada, in P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 681-694.

Garcia-Gonzalez, M., D.B. MacGowan, and R.C. Surdam, 1993, Coal as a source rock of petroleum and gas - a comparison between natural and artificial maturation of the Almond Formation coals, Greater Green River basin in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1570, p. 405-437.

George, S.C., and R.W.T. Wilkins, 2002, A review of the evidence for expulsion of commercial quantities of oil from humic coal (abstract): TSOP Annual Meeting, abstract A2.2.3.

Glikson, M., C.J. Boreham, and D.S. Thiede, 1999, Coal composition and mode of maturation, a determining factor in quantifying hydrocarbon species generated, in M. Mastalerz, M. Glikson, and S.D. Golding, eds., Coalbed methane: scientific, environmental and economic evaluation: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 155-185. (bitumen)

Goodarzi, F., L. Snowdon, T. Gentzis, and D. Pearson, 1994, Petrological and chemical characteristics of liptinite-rich coals from Alberta, Canada: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 11, p. 307-319.

Guennel, G.K., 1981, Oil from pollen and spores, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: New York, Academic Press, p. 308-318.

Hagemann, H.W., and W. Pickel, 1991, Characteristics of Upper Cretaceous coals from Enugu (Nigeria) related to bitumen generation and mobilization, in P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 839-847.

Hedberg, H.D., 1968, Significane of high-wax oils with respect to genesis of petroleum: AAPG Bulletin, v. 52, p. 736-750.

Hendrix, M.S., S.C. Brassell, A.R. Carroll, and S.A. Graham, 1995, Sedimentology, organic geochemistry, and petroleum potential of Jurassic coal measures: Tarim, Junggar, and Turpan basins, northwest China: AAPG Bulletin, v. 79, p. 929-959.

Hetenyi, M., and C. Sajgo, 1990, Hydrocarbon generation potential of some Hungarian low-rank coals, in B. Durand and F. Behar, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1989, part II, molecular geochemistry: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 907-916.

Horsfield, B., K.L. Yordy, and J.C. Crelling, 1988, Determining the petroleum-generating potential of coal using organic geochemistry and organic petrology, in L. Mattavelli and L. Novelli, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1987, part I, organic geochemistry in petroleum exploration: Organic Geochemistry, v. 13, p. 121-129.

Horsfield, B., 1989, Practical criteria for classifying kerogens: some observations from pyrolysis-gas chromatography: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 891-901.

Huang, D., D. Zhang, J. Li, and X. Huang, 1991, Hydrocarbon genesis of Jurassic coal measures in the Turpan Bsain, China: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 827-837.

Hubbard, B., 1950, Coal as a possible petroleum source rock: AAPG Bulletin, v. 34, p. 2347-2351.

Huc, A.Y., B. Durand, J. Roucachet, M. Vandenbroucke, and J.L. Pittion, 1986, Comparison of three series of organic matter of continental origin, in D. Leythaeuser and J. Rullkotter, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1985, part I, petroleum geochemistry: Organic Geochemistry, v. 10, p. 65-72.

Hunt, J.M., 1991, Generation of gas and oil from coal and other terrestrial organic matter, in P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 673-680.

Hutton, A., B. Daulay, Herudiyanto, C. Nas, A. Pujobroto, and H. Sutarwan, 1994, Liptinite in Indonesian Tertiary coals: Energy & Fuels, v. 8, p. 1469-1477.

Hvoslef, S., S.R. Larter, and D. Leythaeuser, 1988, Aspects of generation and migration of hydrocarbons from coal-bearing strata of the Hitra Formation, Haltenbanken area, Norway, in L. Mattavelli and L. Novelli, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1987: Organic Geochemistry, v. 13, p. 525-536.

Isaksen, G.H., D.J. Curry, J.D. Yeakel, and A.I. Jenssen, 1998, Controls on the oil and gas potential of humic coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 23-44.

Jenisch, A., H.H. Richnow, and W. Michaelis, 1990, Chemical structural units of macromolecular coal components, in B. Durand and F. Behar, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1989, part II, molecular geochemistry: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 917-929.

Johnston, J.H., R.J. Collier, and A.I. Maidment, 1991, Coal as source rocks for hydrocarbon generation in the Taranaki basin, New Zealand: a geochemical biomarker study: Journal of Southeast Asian Sciences, v. 5, p. 283-289.

Jones, R.W., 1979, Some mass balance and geological constraints on migration mechanisms: Proceedings of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, Eighth Annual Convention, p. 143-157.

Katz, B.J., P.A. Kelley, R.A. Royle, and T. Jorjorian, 1991, Hydrocarbon products of coals as revealed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography, in P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 711-722.

Katz, B.J., 1994, An alternative view on Indo-Australian coals as a source of petroleum: APEA Journal, v. 34, p. 256-267.

Khorasani, G.K., 1987, Oil-prone coals of the Walloon coal measures, Surat basin, Australia, in A.C. Scott, ed., Coal and coal-bearing strata: recent advances: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 32, p. 303-310.

Khorasani, G.K., and D.G. Murchison, 1988, Order of generation of the petroleum hydrocarbons from liptinitic macerals with increasing thermal maturity: Fuel, v. 67, p. 1160-1162.

Khorasani, G.K., 1989, Factors controlling source rock potential of the Mesozoic coal-bearing strata from offshore central Norway: application to petroleum exploration: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 37, p. 417-427.

Khorasani, G.K., and J.K. Michelsen, 1991, Geological and laboratory evidence for early generation of large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons from suberinite and subereous components: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 849-863.

Killops, S.D., A.D. Woolhouse, R.J. Weston, and R.A. Cook, 1994, A geochemical appraisal of oil generation in the Taranaki basin, New Zealand: AAPG Bulletin, v. 78, p. 1560-1585.

Killops, S.D., R.H. Funnell, R.P. Suggate, R. Sykes, K.E. Peters, C. Walters, A.D. Woolhouse, R.J. Weston, and J.-P. Boudou, 1998, Predicting generation and expulsion of paraffinic oil from vitrinite-rich coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 29, p. 1-21.

Killops, S.D., R.M.K. Carlson, and K.E. Peters, 2000, High-temperature GC evidence for the early formation of C40+ n-alkanes in coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 31, p. 589-597.

Killops, S., P. Walker, and D. Wavrek, 2001, Maturity-related variations in the bitumen compositions of coals from Tara-1 and Toko-1 wells: New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics, v. 44, p. 157-169.

Killops, S., D. Jarvie, R. Sykes, and R. Funnell, 2002, Maturity-related variation in the bulk-transformation kinetics of a suite of compositionally related New Zealand coals: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 19, p. 1151-1168.

Killops, S.D., N. Mills, and P.E. Johansen, 2008, Pyrolytic assessment of oil generation and expulsion from a suite of vitrinite-rich New Zealand coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 39, p. 1113-1118.

Kirkland, D.W., T.-F. Tsui, and M.L. Stockton, 1987, Generation of oil from coal and carbonaceous shale (abstract): AAPG Bulletin, v. 71, p. 577.

Kohli, K.B., N.J. Thomas, B.N. Prabhu, and K.N. Misra, 1994, Simulated petroleum generation studies by hydrous pyrolysis of a Tertiary coal from northern Cambay basin of India: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, p. 323-332.

Kuangzong, Q., Y. Qiushui, G. Shaohui, L. Qinghua, and S. Wei, 1994, Chemical structure and hydrocarbon formation of the Huanxian brown coal, China: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, p. 333-341.

Kuili, J., Y. Supig, W. Hui, and H. Duohu, 1999, Jurassic coals and carbonaleans mudstones: the oil source in the Junggar and Turpan-Hami basins, China, in M. Mastalerz, M. Glikson, and S.D. Golding, eds., Coalbed methane: scientific, environmental and economic evaluation: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 545-553.

Law, B.E., and D.D. Rice, eds., 1993, Hydrocarbons from coal: AAPG Studies in Geology 38, 400 p.

Lewan, M.D., and J.A. Williams, 1987, Evaluation of petroleum generation from resinites by hydrous pyrolysis: AAPG Bulletin, v. 71, p. 207-214.

Li, M., J. Bao, R. Lin, L.D. Stasiuk, and M. Yuan, 2001, Revised models for hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation in Jurassic coal measures of the Turpan basin, NW China: Organic Geochemistry, v. 32, p. 1127-1151.

Li, M., L. Stasiuk, R. Maxwell, F. Monnier, and O. Bazhenova, 2006, Geochemical and petrological evidence for Tertiary terrestrial and Cretaceous marine potential petroleum source rocks in the western Kamchatka coastal margin, Russia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 37, p. 304-320.

Li, R., K. Jin, and D.J. Lehrmann, 2008, Hydrocarbon potential of Pennsylvanian coal in Bohai Gulf Basin, eastern China, as revealed by hydrous pyrolysis: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 88-97.

Littke, R., B. Horsfield, and D. Leythaeuser, 1989, Hydrocarbon distribution in coals and dispersed organic matter of different maceral composition and maturities: Geol. Rundschau, v. 78, p. 391-410.

Littke, R., and H.L. ten Haven, 1989, Palaeoecologic trends and petroleum potential of Upper Carboniferous coal seams of western Germany as revealed by their petrographic and organic geochemical characteristics: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 13, p. 529-574.

Littke, R., H.L. ten Haven, and D. Leythaeuser, 1990, Paleoecological trends and petroleum potential of Upper Carboniferous coal seams of western Germany: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 16, p. 197-200.

Littke, R., D. Leythaeuser, M. Radke, and R.G. Schaefer, 1990, Petroleum generation and migration in coal seams of the Carboniferous Ruhr basin, northwest Germany, in B. Durand and F. Behar, eds., Advances in organic geochemistry 1989, part I, organic geochemistry in petroleum exploration: Organic Geochemistry, v. 16, p. 247-258.

Littke, R., and D. Leythaeuser, 1993, Migration of oil and gas in coals, in B.E. Law and D.D. Rice, eds., Hydrocarbons from coal: AAPG Studies in Geology 38, p. 219-236.

Lu, S.-T., and I.R. Kaplan, 1990, Hydrocarbon-generating potential of humic coals from dry pyrolysis: AAPG Bulletin, v. 74, p. 163-173.

Macgregor, D.S., 1994, Coal-bearing strata as source rocks - a global overview, in A.C. Scott and A.J. Fleet, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata as oil-prone source rocks?: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 77, p. 107-116.

Marquis, F., E. Lafargue, and J. Espitalie, 1992, The influence of maceral composition and maturity on the petroleum-generating potential of coals, in A.M. Spencer, ed., Generation, accumulation, and production of Europe's hydrocarbons II: New York, Springer-Verlag, Special Publication 2 of the European Association of Petroleum Geoscientists, p. 239-247.

Matchette-Downes, C.J., A.E. Fallick, Karmajaya, and S. Rowland, 1994, A maturity and palaeoenvironmental assessment of condensates and oils from the north Sumatra basin, Indonesia, in A.C. Scott and A.J. Fleet, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata as oil-prone source rocks?: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 77, p. 139-148.

McAuliffe, C.D., 1979, Oil and gas migration: chemical and physical constraints: AAPG Bulletin, v. 63, p. 761-781.

Michelsen, J.K., and G. Khavari-Khorasani, 1999, The physics and efficiency of petroleum expulsion from coal, in M. Mastalerz, M. Glikson, and S.D. Golding, eds., Coalbed methane: scientific, environmental and economic evaluation: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 517-543.

Mishra, H.K., and A.C. Cook, 1992, Petrology and thermal maturity of coals in the Jharia basin: implications for oil and gas origins: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 20, p. 277-313.

Mo, H.-J., W.-L. Huang, and H. Machnikowska, 2008, Generation and expulsion of petroleum from coal macerals visualized in-situ during DAC pyrolysis: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 167-184.

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., J.R. Gormly, and J.E. Zumberge, 1989, Generation of hydrocarbons from the Tertiary coals of Texas - coal as potential source rock for liquid hydrocarbons in a deltaic basin?: Organic Geochemistry, v. 14, p. 351-352.

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., 1989, Organic petrography and organic geochemistry of Texas Tertiary coals in relation to depositional environment and hydrocarbon generation: Austin, University of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations 188,

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., 1991, Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 671-875.

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., P.G. Hatcher, and J.H. Calder, 1991, Hydrocarbon generation from deltaic and intermontane fluviodeltaic coal and coaly shale from the Tertiary of Texas and Carboniferous of Nova Scotia, in P.K. Mukhopadhyay, M.G. Fowler, and W.G. Dow, eds., Selected papers from the symposium on coal and terrestrial organic matter as a source rock for petroleum: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 765-783.

Murchison, D.G., 1987, Recent advances in organic petrology and organic geochemistry: an overview with some reference to 'oil from coal', in A.C. Scott, ed., Coal and coal-bearing strata: recent advances: Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Geological Society Special Publication 32, p. 257-302.

Newman, J., J. Johnston, and P. Lake, 1992, Isorank variation in vitrinite chemistry - 2. sterane and triterpane maturity indicators (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 9, p. 79-82.

Newman, J., J.H. Johnston, and P.J. Lake, 1992, The influence of isorank variations in vitrinite chemistry on vitrinite reflectance and some sterane and triterpane maturation indicators, in 1991 New Zealand oil exploration conference proceedings, v. 2: Wellington, Ministry of Commerce, p. 336-350.

Newman, J., L.C. Price, and J.H. Johnston, 1994, Variations in source potential and maturation of New Zealand coals, based on relationships between conventional coal chemistry, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and GCMS biomarkers (abstract): TSOP Abstracts and Program, v. 11, p. 66-69.

Newman, J., L.C. Price, and J.H. Johnston, 1994, Variations in source potential and maturation of New Zealand coals, based on relationships between conventional coal chemistry, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and GCMS biomarkers, in 1994 New Zealand Petroleum Conference Proceedings: Wellington, The Publicity Unit, p. 370-384.

Newman, J., L.C. Price, and J.H. Johnston, 1997, Hydrocarbon source potential and maturation in Eocene New Zealand vitrinite-rich coals: insights from traditional coal analyses, and Rock-Eval and biomarker studies: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 20, p. 137-163.

Newman, J., C.J. Boreham, S.D. Ward, A.P. Murray, and A.A. Bal, 1999, Floral influences on the petroleum source potential of New Zealand coals, in M. Mastalerz, M. Glikson, and S.D. Golding, eds., Coalbed methane: Scientific, environmental and economic evaluation: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 461-492.

Noble, R.A., C.H. Wu, and C.D. Atkinson, 1991, Petroleum generation and migration from Talang Akar coals and shales offshore N.W. Java, Indonesia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 363-374.

Obaje, N.G., and H. Hamza, 2000, Liquid hydrocarbon source-rock potential of mid-Cretaceous coals and coal measures in the middle Benue trough of Nigeria: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 89, p. 130-139.

Obaje, N.G., H. Wehner, G. Scheeder, M.B. Abubakar, and A. Jauro, 2004, Hydrocarbon prospectivity of Nigeria’s inland basins: from the viewpoint of organic geochemistry and organic petrology: AAPG Bulletin, v. 88, p. 325-353.

Oygard, K., S. Larter, and J. Senftle, 1988, The control of maturity and kerogen type on quantitative analytical pyrolysis data: Organic Geochemistry, v. 13, p. 1153-1162.

Pepper, A.S., 1991, Estimating the petroleum expulsion behaviour of source rocks: a novel quantitative approach, in W.A. England and A.J. Fleet, eds., Petroleum migration: London, The Geological Society Special Publication 59, p. 9-31.

Pedersen, G.K., L.A. Andersen, E.B. Lundsteen, H.I. Petersen, J.A. Bojesen-Koefoed, and H.P. Nytoft, 2006, Depositional environments, organic maturity and petroleum potential of the Cretaceous coal-bearing Atane Formation at Qullissat, Nuussuaq Basin, West Greenland: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 29, p. 3-26.

Peters, K.E., J.W. Snedden, A. Sulaeman, J.E. Sarg, and R.J. Enrico, 2000, A new geochemical-sequence stratigraphic model for the Mahakam Delta and Makassar Slope, Kalimantan, Indonesia: AAPG Bulletin, v. 84, p. 12-44.

Petersen, H.I., P. Rosenberg, and J. Andsbjerg, 1996, Organic geochemistry in relation to the depositional environments of Middle Jurassic coal seams, Danish central graben, and implications for hydrocarbon generative potential: AAPG Bulletin, v. 80, p. 47-62.

Petersen, H.I., and P. Rosenberg, 1998, Reflectance retardation (suppression) and source rock properties related to hydrogen-enriched vitrinite in Middle Jurassic coals, Danish North Sea: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 21, p. 247-263.

Petersen, H.I., J. Andsbjerg, J.A. Bojesen-Koefoed, H.P. Nytoft, and P. Rosenberg, 1998, Petroleum potential and depositional environments of Middle Jurassic coals and non-marine deposits, Danish Central Graben, with special reference to the Søgne Basin: Geological Survey of Denmark, Bulletin 36, 78 p.

Petersen, H.I., and H. Vosgerau, 1999, Composition and organic maturity of Middle Jurassic coals, north-east Greenland: evidence for liptinite-induced suppression of huminite reflectance: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 41, p. 257-274.

Petersen, H.I., J. Andsbjerg, J.A. Bojesen-Koefoed, and H.P. Nytoft, 2000, Coal-generated oil: source rock evaluation and petroleum geochemistry of the Lulita oilfield, Danish North Sea: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 23, p. 55-90.

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