Macerals in Reflected White Light

Selected References - revised November, 2009

   These bibliographic references have been compiled as a TSOP project, and organic petrologists have found the references to be useful in their work. They should be available at university or geological research center libraries. They are not available from TSOP, except for those listed on our Publications page, or as part of the TSOP Newsletter.

Abramski, C., M.-Th. Mackowsky, W. Mantel, and E. Stach, 1951, Atlas für angewandte steinkohlen-petrographie: Verlag Glückauf G.M.B.H., Essen, 329 p.

Allan, J., M. Bjoroy, and A.G. Douglas, 1980, A geochemical study of the exinite group maceral alginate, selected from three Permo-Carboniferous torbanites, in A.G. Douglas and J.R. Maxwell, eds., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1979: New York, Pergamon Press, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 12, p. 599-618.

Anderson, K.B., R.E. Winans, and R.E. Botto, 1992, The nature and fate of natural resins in the geosphere—II. Identification, classification and nomenclature of resinites: Organic Geochemistry, v. 18, p. 829-841.

Anderson, K.B., and J.C. Crelling, eds., 1995, Amber, resinite, and fossil resins: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 617, 297 p.

Anderson, K.B., J.C. Crelling, F. Kenig, and W.W. Huggett, 2007, An unusual non-fluorescing algal kerogen from the Canadian Arctic: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 69, p. 144-152.

Bechtel, A., R. Gratzer, and R.F. sachsenhofer, 2001, Chemical characteristics of Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) jet of the Gosau Group of Gams/Hieflau (Styria, Austria): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 46, p. 27-49. (bituminous driftwood is collotelinite)

Beck, C.B., K. Coy, and R. Schmid, 1982, Observations on the fine structure of Callixylon wood: American Journal of Botany, v. 69, p. 54076. (origin of fusain, p. 68-70)

Beeston, J.W., 1987, Aspects of inertinite formation and deposition in the Denison Trough, Queensland: Australian Coal Geology, v. 7, p. 33-45.

Beeston, J.W., 1992, Resino-inertinites of Indian Permian coals—their origin, genesis and classification: comment: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 21, p. 283-285.

Beeston, J.W., 1995, Coal rank and vitrinite reflectivity, in C.R. Ward, and others, eds., Geology of Australian coal basins: Geological Society of Australia Coal Geology Group, Special Publication 1, p. 83-92. (origin of desmocollinite and telocollinite)

Bend, S.L., 1992, The origin, formation and petrographic composition of coal: Fuel, v. 71, p. 851-870.

Benedict, L.G., and W.F. Berry, 1966, Further applications of coal petrography, in R.F. Gould, ed., Coal science: American Chemical Society, Advances in Chemistry Series 55, p. 577-601.

Benedict, L.G., R.R. Thompson, J.J. Shigo, III, and R.P. Aikman, 1968, Pseudovitrinite in Appalachian coking coals: Fuel, v. 47, p. 125-143.

Bensley, D.F., and J.C. Crelling, 1994, The inherent heterogeneity within the vitrinite maceral group: Fuel, v. 73, p. 1306-1316.

Bertrand, P., 1984, Geochemical and petrographic characterization of humic coals considered as possible oil source rocks: Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 481-488.

Blackburn, K.B., and B.N. Temperley, 1936, Botryococcus and the algal coals: Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, v. 58, p. 841-870.

Bojesen-Koefoed, J.A., H.I. Petersen, F. Surlyk, and H. Vosgerau, 1997, Organic petrography and geochemistry of inertinite-rich mudstones, Jakobsstigen Formation, Upper Jurassic, northeast Greenland: indications of forest fires and variations in relative sea-level: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 34, p. 345-370.

Boreham, C.J., and T.G. Powell, 1987, Sources and preservation of organic matter in the Cretaceous Toolebuc Formation, eastern Australia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, p. 433-449. (origin of bituminite)

Brown, H.R., A.C. Cook, and G.H. Taylor, 1964, Variations in the properties of vitrinite in isometamorphic coal: Fuel, v. 43, p. 111-124.

Bruening, F.A., and A.D. Cohen, 2005, Measuring surface properties and oxidation of coal macerals using the atomic force microscope: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 63, p. 195-204.

Buranek, A.M., and A.L. Crawford, 1952, Notes on resinous coals of Utah: Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Monograph Series 2, p. 3-9.

Bustin, R.M., 1991, Quantifying macerals: some statistical and practical considerations: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 17, p. 213-238.

Bustin, R.M., and Y. Guo, 1999, Abrupt changes (jumps) in reflectance values and chemical compositions of artificial charcoals and inertinite in coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 38, p. 237-260.

Cady, G.H., 1939, Nomenclature of the megascopic description of Illinois coals: Economic Geology, v. 34, p. 475-494. (ISGS Circular 46)

Cady, G.H., 1942, Modern concepts of the physical constitution of coal: Journal of Geology, v. 50, p. 337-356. (proposed the term phyteral)

Cameron, A.R., 1974, Principles of coal petrography, in J.F. Fryer, J.D. Campbell, and J.G. Speight, eds., Symposium on coal evaluation: Alberta Research Council Information Series 76, p. 51-69.

Cameron, A.R., and W.D. Kalkreuth, 1982, Petrological characteristics of Jurassic-Cretaceous coals in the foothills and Rocky Mountains of western Canada: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 118, p. 163-167.

Cameron, A.R., W.D. Kalkreuth, and C. Koukouzas, 1984, The petrology of Greek brown coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 4, p. 173-207.

Catalina, J.C., D. Alarcón, and J.G. Prado, 1995, Automatic maceral and reflectance analysis in single seam bituminous coals, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 239-242.

Chaloner, W.G., 1989, Fossil charcoal as an indicator of palaeoatmospheric oxygen level: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 146, part 1, p. 171-174.

Clarkson, C.R., and R.M. Bustin, 1997, Variation in permeability with lithotype and maceral composition of Cretaceous coals of the Canadian Cordillera: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 33, p. 135-151.

Cohen, A.D., and W. Spackman, 1980, Phytogenic organic sediments and sedimentary environments in the Everglades-Mangrove complex of Florida, part III. The alteration of plant material in peats and the origin of coal macerals: Palaeontographica, Abt. B, v. 172, p. 125-149.

Cooper, B.S., and D.G. Murchison, 1971, The petrology and geochemistry of sporinite, in J. Brooks, P.R. Grant, M. Muir, P. Van Gijzel, and G. Shaw, eds., Sporopollenin: New York, Academic Press, p. 545-568.

Cope, M.J. 1980, Physical and chemical properties of coalified and charcoalified phytoclasts from some British Mesozoic sediments: an organic geochemical approach to palaeobotany, in A.G. Douglas and J.R. Maxwell, eds., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1979: New York, Pergamon Press, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 12, p. 663-677.

Cope, M.J., and W.G. Chaloner, 1980, Fossil charcoal as evidence of past atmospheric composition: Nature, v. 283, p. 647-649.

Cope, M.J., 1981, Products of natural burning as a component of the dispersed organic matter of sedimentary rocks, in J. Brooks, ed., Organic maturation studies and fossil fuel exploration: New York, Academic Press, p. 89-109.

Cope, M.J., and W.G. Chaloner, 1985, Wildfire: an interaction of biological and physical processes, in B.H. Tiffney, ed., Geological factors and the evolution of plants: New Haven, Yale University Press, p. 257-277.

Cope, M.J., 1993, A preliminary study of charcoalified plant fossils from the Middle Jurassic Scalby Formation of North Yorkshire: London, The Palaeontological Association, Special Papers in Palaeontology, v. 49, p. 101-111.

Creaney, S., 1980, Petrographic texture and vitrinite reflectance variation on the Alston Block, north-east England: Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, v. 42, no. 32, p. 553-580.

Crelling, J.C., and D.F. Bensley, 1980, Petrology of cutinite-rich coal from the Roaring Creek mine, Parke County, Indiana, in R.L. Langenheim, Jr., and C.J. Mann, eds., Middle and Late Pennsylvanian strata on margin of Illinois basin, Vermilion County, Illinois and Vermillion and Parke Counties, Indiana: SEPM Great Lakes Section, Tenth Annual Field Conference, p. 93-104.

Crelling, J.C., 1982, Automated petrographic characterization of coal lithotypes: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 1, p. 347-359.

Crelling, J.C., 1988, Separation and characterization of coal macerals including pseudovitrinite: 1988 Ironmaking Conference Proceedings, p. 351-356.

Crelling, J.C., N.M. Skorupska, and H. Marsh, 1988, Reactivity of coal macerals and lithotypes: Fuel, v. 67, p. 781-785.

Crelling, J.C., 1989, The nature of coal material, in H. Marsh, ed., Introduction to carbon science: Boston, Butterworths, p. 259-284.

Crelling, J.C., E.J. Hippo, B.A. Woerner, and E.M. Gillespie, 1990, Reactivity of coal macerals: 1990 Ironmaking Conference Proceedings, p. 211-217.

Crelling, J.C., 1991, Types of vitrinite macerals III: pseudovitrinite: TSOP Newsletter, v. 8, no. 1, p. 14-15.

Crelling, J.C., R.J. Pugmire, H.L.C. Meuzelaar, W.H. McClennen, H. Huai, and J. Karas, 1991, The chemical structure and petrology of resinite from the Hiawatha "B" coal seam: Energy and Fuels, v. 5, p. 688-694.

Crelling, J.C., 1995, The petrology of resinite in American coals, in K.B. Anderson and J.C. Crelling, eds., Amber, resinite, and fossil resins: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 617, p. 218-233.

Crelling, J.C., and D.F. Bensley, 1995, Recent advances in separating and characterizing single coal macerals, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 235-238.

Crelling, J.C., and M.A. Kruge, 1998, Petrographic and chemical properties of carboniferous resinite from the Herrin No. 6, coal seam: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 37, p. 55-71.

Crosdale, P.J., 1993, Coal maceral ratios as indicators of environment of deposition: do they work for ombrogenous mires? An example from the Miocene of New Zealand: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 797-809. (origin of bituminite, p. 805)

Crosdale, P.J., 2002, Dredging up degradinite: ICCP News, No. 26, p. 18-19.

Crosdale, P.J., and A.C. Cook, 2008, Discussion: Anderson, K.B., Crelling, J.C., Kenig, F., Huggett, W.W., 2007. An unusual non-fluorescing algal kerogen from the Canadian Arctic: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 73, p. 388-390.

Czechoski, F., B.R.T. Simoneit, M. Sachanbinski, J. Chojcan, and S. Wolowiec, 1996, Physicochemical structural characterization of ambers from deposits in Poland: Applied Geochemistry, v. 11, p. 811-834.

Czimczik, C.I., C.M. Preston, M.W.I. Schmidt, R.A. Werner, and E.-D. Schulze, 2002, Effects of charring on mass, organic carbon, and stable carbon isotope composition of wood: Organic Geochemistry, v. 33, p. 1207-1223.

Damberger, H.H., R.D. Harvey, R.R. Ruch, and J. Thomas, Jr., 1984, Coal characterization, in B.R. Cooper and W.A. Ellingson, eds., The science and technology of coal and coal utilization: New York, Plenum Press, p. 7-45.

Dapples, E.C., 1942, Physical constitution of coal as related to coal description and classification: Journal of Geology, v. 50, p. 437-450.

Davis, A., 2000, Petrographic determination of the composition of binary coal blends: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 44, p. 325-338.

Demchuk, T.D., 1993, Petrology of fibrous coal (fusain) and associated inertinites from the Early Paleocene of the central Alberta Plains: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 24, p. 211-232.

Diessel, C.F.K., 1982, An appraisal of coal facies based on maceral characteristics, in C.W. Mallett, ed., Coal resources: origin, exploration and utilization in Australia, Proceedings: Geological Society of Australia Coal Group Symposium, Australian Coal Geology, v. 4, p. 474-483.

Diessel, C.F.K., 1983, Carbonisation reaction of inertinite macerals in Australian coals: Fuel, v. 62, p. 883-892.

Diessel, C.F.K., 1986, On the correlation between coal facies and depositional environments, in Advances in the study of the Sydney basin: Proceedings of the 20th Newcastle Symposium, Newcastle, N.S.W., The University of Newcastle, Publication 246, p. 19-22.

Diessel, C.F.K., 1992, Coal-bearing depositional systems: New York, Springer-Verlag, 721 p.

Diessel, C.F.K., and M. Smyth, 1995, Petrographic constituents of Australian coals, in C.R. Ward, and others, eds., Geology of Australian coal basins: Geological Society of Australia Coal Geology Group, Special Publication 1, p. 63-81.

DiMichele, W.A., M.O. Rischbieter, D.L. Eggert, and R.A. Gastaldo, 1984, Stem and leaf cuticle of Karinopteris: source of cuticles from the Indiana ‘paper’coal: American Journal of Botany, v. 71, p. 626-637.

Dobell, P., A.R. Cameron, and W.D. Kalkreuth, 1984, Petrographic examination of low-rank coals from Saskatchewan and British Columbia, Canada, including reflected and fluorescent light microscopy, SEM, and laboratory oxidation procedures: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 1209-1228.

Dormans, H.N.M., F.J. Huntjens, and D.W. van Krevelen, 1957, Chemical structure and properties of coal. XX. Composition of the individual macerals (vitrinites, fusinites, micrinites and exinites): Fuel, v. 36, p. 321-333.

Dulhunty, J.A., 1944, Origin of the New South Wales torbanites: Linnean Society of New South Wales, Proceedings, v. 69, p. 26-48.

Dutta, S., M. Mallick, N. Bertram, P.F. Greenwood, and R.P. Mathews, 2009, Terpenoid composition and class of Tertiary resins from India: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 80, p. 44-50.

Eggert, D.L., and T.L. Phillips, 1982, Environments of deposition—coal balls, cuticular shale and gray-shale floras in Fountain and Parke Counties, Indiana: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Special Report 30, 43 p.

Esterle, J.S., T.A. Moore, and J.C. Hower, 1991, A reflected-light petrographic technique for peats: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 61, p. 614-616.

Everson, R.C., H.W.J.P. Neomagus, R. Kaitano, R. Falcon, C. van Alphen, and V.M. du Cann, 2008, Properties of high ash char particles derived from inertinite-rich coal: 1. Chemical, structural and petrographic characteristics: Fuel, v. 87, p. 3082-3090.

Faraj, B.S.M., and I.D.R. Mackinnon, 1993, Micrinite in southern hemisphere sub-bituminous and bituminous coals: redefined as fine grained kaolinite: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 823-841.

Fowler, M.G., L.D. Stasiuk, M. Hearn, and M. Obermajer, 2004, Evidence for Gloeocapsomorpha prisca in Late Devonian source rocks from southern Alberta, Canada: Organic Geochemistry, v. 35, p. 425-441.

Gan, H., S.P. Nandi, and P.L. Walker, Jr., 1972, Nature of porosity in American coals: Fuel, v. 51, p. 272-277.

Gentzis, T., H. Hirosue, and T. Sakaki, 1996, Effect of rank and petrographic composition on the swelling behavior of coals: Energy Sources, v. 18, p. 131-141.

Glasspool, I.J., D. Edwards, and L. Axe, 2004, Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire: Geology, v. 32, p. 381-383.

Glasspool, I.J., D. Edwards, and L. Axe, 2006, Charcoal in the Early Devonian: A wildfire-derived Konservat-Lagerstätte: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 142, p. 131-136.

Glikson, M., and C. Fielding, 1991, The Late Triassic Callide coal measures, Queensland, Australia: coal petrology and depositional environment: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 17, p. 313-332. (origin of micrinite)

Gold, D., B. Hazen, and W.G. Miller, 1999, Colloidal and polymeric nature of fossil amber: Organic Geochemistry, v. 30, p. 971-983.

Goodarzi, F., 1984, Optical properties of high temperature heat-treated vitrinites: Fuel, v. 63, p. 820-826.

Goodarzi, F., 1985, Optical properties of vitrinite carbonized under pressure: Fuel, v. 64, p. 158-162.

Goodarzi, F., 1985, Optically anisotropic fragments in a western Canadian subbituminous coal: Fuel, v. 64, p. 1294-1300.

Goodarzi, F., 1987, The use of automated image analysis in coal petrology: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 1064-1069.

Goodarzi, F., and D.G. Murchison, 1988, Retention of botanical structure in anthracitic vitrinites carbonized at high temperatures: Fuel, v. 67, p. 831-833.

Goodarzi, F., and T. Gentzis, 1991, Petrology, depositional environment and utilization potential of Devonian cannel coals from Melville Island, Arctic Canada: Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., v. 162, p. 239-253.

Goodarzi, F., L. Snowdon, T. Gentzis, and D. Pearson, 1994, Petrological and chemical characteristics of liptinite-rich coals from Alberta, Canada: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 11, p. 307-319.

Götz, G., W. Pickel, and M. Wolf, 1995, Petrographic effects on bituminous coals after treatment with sub- and supercritical fluid phases, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 295-298.

Grady, W.C., C.F. Eble, and S.G. Neuzil, 1993, Brown coal maceral distributions in a modern domed tropical Indonesian peat and a comparison with maceral distributions in Middle Pennsylvanian-age Appalachian bituminous coal beds, in J.C. Cobb and C.B. Cecil, eds., Modern and ancient coal-forming environments: GSA Special Paper 286, p. 63-82.

Gray, R.J., 1982, A petrographic method of analysis of nonmaceral microstructures in coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 2, p. 79-97.

Guennel, G.K., and R.C. Neavel, 1959, Paper coal in Indiana: Science, v. 129, p. 1671-1672.

Guo, Y., and R.M. Bustin, 1998, Micro-FTIR spectroscopy of liptinite macerals in coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 36, p. 259-275.

Guo, Y., and R.M. Bustin, 1998, FTIR spectroscopy and reflectance of modern charcoals and fungal decayed woods: implications for studies of inertinite in coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 37, p. 29-53.

Habib, D., Y. Eshet, and R. van Pelt, 1994, Palynology of sedimentary cycles, in A. Traverse, ed., Sedimentation of organic particles: Cambridge University Press, p. 311-335. (fecal origin of AOM [bituminite])

Hacquebard, P.A., 1952, Opaque matter in coal: Economic Geology, v. 47, p. 494-516.

Hagelskamp, H.H.B., and C.P. Snyman, 1988, On the origin of low-reflecting inertinites in coals from the Highveld coalfield, South Africa: Fuel, v. 67, p. 307-313.

Han, Z., M.A. Kruge, J.C. Crelling, and B.A. Stankiewicz, 1994, Organic geochemical characterization of the density fractions of a Permian torbanite: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, p. 39-50.

Han, Z., M.A. Kruge, J.C. Crelling, and D.F. Bensley, 1999, Classification of torbanite and cannel coal. I. Insights from petrographic analysis of density fractions: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 38, p. 181-202.

Han, Z., and M.A. Kruge, 1999, Classification of torbanite and cannel coal. II. Insights from pyrolysis-GC/MS and multivariate statistical analysis: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 38, p. 203-218.

Han, Z., and M.A. Kruge, 1999, Chemistry of maceral and groundmass density fractions of torbanite and cannel coal: Organic Geochemistry, v. 30, p. 1381-1401.

Han, Z., Q. Yang, and Z. Pang, 2001, Artificial maturation study of a humic coal and a torbanite: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 46, p. 133-143.

Hatcher, P.G., J. Faulon, K.A. Wenzel, and G.D. Cody, 1992, A structural model for lignin-derived vitrinite from high-volatile bituminous coal (coalified wood): Energy and Fuels, v. 6, p. 813-820.

Hatcher, P.G., and D.J. Clifford, 1997, The organic geochemistry of coal: from plant materials to coal: Organic Geochemistry, v. 27, p. 251-274.

Heppenheimer, H., K. Steffens, W. Püttmann, and W. Kalkreuth, 1992, Comparison of resinite-related aromatic biomarker distributions in Cretaceous-Tertiary coals from Canada and Germany: Organic Geochemistry, v. 18, p. 273-287.

Harvey, R.D., and J.W. Dillon, 1985, Maceral distributions in Illinois coals and their paleoenvironmental implications: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 5, p. 141-165.

Herendeen, P.S., 1991, Charcoalified angiosperm wood from the Cretaceous of eastern North America and Europe: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 70, p. 225-239.

Hook, R.W., and J.C. Hower, 1988, Petrography and taphonomic significance of the vertebrate-bearing cannel coal of Linton, Ohio (Westphalian D, upper Carboniferous): Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 58, p. 72-80.

Hower, J.C., and G.D. Wild, 1988, Relationship between Hardgrove Grindability Index and petrographic composition for high-volatile bituminous coals from Kentucky: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 7, p. 122-126.

Hower, J.C., and G.D. Wild, 1991, Maceral partitioning for selected eastern Kentucky coals: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 10, p. 159-163.

Hower, J.C., and G.D. Wild, 1995, Maceral/microlithotype analysis evaluation of coal grinding: examples from central Appalachian high volatile bituminous coals: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 13, p. 35-40.

Hower, J.C., and A. Davis, 1999, Reflectance of liptinites in anthracite: examples from the southern anthracite field, Pennsylvania: TSOP Newsletter, v. 16, no. 1, p. 15-17.

Hower, J.C., K.W. Kuehn, B.K. Parekh, and W.J. Peters, 2000, Maceral and microlithotype beneficiation in column flotation at the Powell Mountain Coal Mayflower preparation plant, Lee County, Virginia: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 67, p. 23-33.

Hower, J.C., W.H. Schram, and G.A. Thomas, 2000, Forensic petrology and geochemistry: tracking the source of a coal slurry spill, Lee County, Virginia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 44, p. 101-108.

Hower, J.C., E.J. Trinkle, and R.P. Raione, 2008, Vickers microhardness of telovitrinite and pseudovitrinite from high volatile bituminous Kentucky coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 76-80.

Hower, J.C., J.M.K. O’Keefe, and C.F. Eble, 2008, Tales from a distant swamp: Petrological and paleobotanical clues for the origin of the sand coal lithotype (Mississippian, Valley Fields, Virginia): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 119-126.

Hunt, J.W., 1982, Relationship between microlithotype and maceral composition of coals and geological setting of coal measures in the Permian basins of eastern Australia, in C.W. Mallett, ed., Coal resources: origin, exploration and utilization in Australia, Proceedings: Geological Society of Australia Coal Group, Symposium, p. 484-502.

Hunt, J.W., and M. Smyth, 1989, Origin of inertinite-rich coals of Australian cratonic basins: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 11, p. 23-46.

Hutton, A.C., and J.C. Hower, 1999, Cannel coals: implications for classification and terminology: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 41, p. 157-188.

ICCP, 1963, International handbook of coal petrography (second edition): International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology, unpagenated.

ICCP, 1971, International handbook of coal petrography (1st supplement to 2nd edition): International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology, unpagenated.

ICCP, 1975, International handbook of coal petrography (2nd supplement to 2nd edition): International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology, unpagenated.

ICCP, 1993, International handbook of coal petrography (3rd supplement to 2nd edition): International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology, unpagenated.

ICCP, 1998, The new vitrinite classification (ICCP System 1994): Fuel, v. 77, p. 349-358.

ICCP, 2001, The new inertinite classification (ICCP System 1994): Fuel, v. 80, p. 459-471.

Jones, J.M., and D.G. Murchison, 1963, The occurrence of resinite in bituminous coals: Economic Geology, v. 58, p. 263-273.

Jones, T.P., and W.G. Chaloner, 1991, Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 97, p. 39-50.

Jones, T.P., A.C. Scott, and M.J. Cope, 1991, Reflectance measurements and the temperature of formation of modern charcoals and implications for studies of fusain: Bull. Soc. Geol. France, v. 162, p. 193-200.

Jones, T.P., 1993, New morphological and chemical evidence for a wildfire origin for fusain from comparisons with modern charcoal: London, The Palaeontological Association, Special Papers in Palaeontology, No. 49, p. 113-123.

Jones, T.P., A.C. Scott, and D.P. Mattey, 1993, Investigations of "fusain transition fossils" from the lower Carboniferous: comparisons with modern partially charred wood: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 22, p. 37-59.

Jones, T.P., 1994, 13C enriched lower Carboniferous fossil plants from Donegal, Ireland: carbon isotope constraints on taphonomy, diagenesis and palaeoenvironment: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 81, p. 53-64.

Jones, T.P., 1996, Comment on ‘Fossil charcoal in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary strata: evidence for catastrophic firestorm and megawave’ by M.A. Kruge, B.A. Stankiewicz, J.C. Crelling, A. Montanari, and D.F. Bensley: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 719-720.

Jorjani, E., J.C. Hower, S.C. Chelgani, M.A. Shirazi, and S. Mesroghli, 2008, Studies of relationship between petrography and elemental analysis with grindability for Kentucky coals: Fuel, v. 87, p. 707-713.

Kaegi, D.D., 1985, On the identification and origin of pseudovitrinite: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 4, p. 309-319.

Kalkreuth, W.D., 1982, Rank and petrographic composition of selected Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous coals of British Columbia, Canada: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 30, p. 112-139.

Kerp, H., 1990, The study of fossil gymnosperm cuticles by means of cuticular analysis: Palaios, v. 5, p. 548-569.

Kerp, H., and M. Barthel, 1993, Problems of cuticular analysis of pteridosperms: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 78, p. 1-18.

Kessler, M.F., 1973, Interpretation of the chemical composition of bituminous coal macerals: Fuel, v. 52, p. 191-197.

Kleesattel, D.R., 1984, Distribution, abundance, and maceral content of the lithotypes in the Beulah-Zap bed of North Dakota, in R.L. Houghton and E.N. Clausen, eds., 1984 Symposium on the Geology of Rocky Mountain Coal: North Dakota Geological Society, Publication 84-1, p. 28-40.

Klug, C.R., and J.T. Schabilion, 1992, A Devonian paper coal (cutinite) in the Lithograph City Formation at Garrison, Iowa, in J. Day and B.J. Bunker, eds., The stratigraphy, paleontology, depositional and diagenetic history of the Middle-Upper Devonian Cedar Valley Group of central and eastern Iowa: Iowa Geological Survey Guidebook 16, p. 147-158.

Koch, J., 1997, Organic petrographic investigations of the Kupferschiefer in northern Germany: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 33, p. 301-316. (bituminite)

Kosanke, R.M., 1951, A type of boghead coal from Illinois: American Journal of Science, v. 249, p. 444-450.

Kosanke, R.M., 1955, Petrographic and microchemical studies of coal: Second Conference on the Origin and Constitution of Coal, Crystal Cliffs, Nova Scotia, p. 248-267.

Kosanke, R.M., and J.A. Harrison, 1957, Microscopy of the resin rodlets of Illinois coal: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 234, 14 p.

Kosina, M., and J. Hrncir, 1983, The properties of macerals in Czechoslovak coals rich in inertinite: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 3, p. 145-156.

Kruge, M.A., J.C. Crelling, E.J. Hippo, and S.R. Palmer, 1991, Aspects of sporinite chemistry: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 193-204.

Kruge, M.A., B.A. Stankiewicz, J.C. Crelling, A. Montanari, and D.F. Bensley, 1994, Fossil charcoal in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary strata: evidence for catastrophic firestorm and megawave: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1393-1397.

Kruszewska, K., 1997, A new method of measurements of vitrinite reflectance and maceral content, in M. Podemski, S. Dybova-Jachowicz, K. Jaworowski, J. Jureczka, and R. Wagner, eds., Proceedings of the XIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian: Warsaw, Polish Geological Institute, Prace, v. 157, pt. 2, p. 233-238.

Kruszewska, K., 1997, Behaviour of pseudovitrinite under heating conditions, in M. Podemski, S. Dybova-Jachowicz, K. Jaworowski, J. Jureczka, and R. Wagner, eds., Proceedings of the XIII International Congress on the Carboniferous and Permian: Warsaw, Polish Geological Institute, Prace, v. 157, pt. 2, p. 239-242.

Kuehn, K.W., W.G. Lloyd, J.T. Riley, and D.W. Kuehn, 1988, Preparation and characterization of coal composition/particle size relations: Organic Geochemistry, v. 12, p. 413-417.

Lallier-Verges, E., P. Bertrand, J.-M. Guet, C. Clinard, Q. Lin, and X.-Q. Wu, 1991, Ultrafine structures of vitrinites: an electron microscopy study of microlithotypes in humic coals, in P. Bertrand, ed., Coal: formation, occurrence and related properties: Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, v. 162, p. 163-174.

Lamberson, M.N., R.M. Bustin, and W. Kalkreuth, 1991, Lithotype (maceral) composition and variation as correlated with paleo-wetland environments, Gates Formation, northeastern British Columbia, Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 18, p. 87-124.

Lamberson, M.N., R.M. Bustin, W.D. Kalkreuth, and K.C. Pratt, 1996, The formation of inertinite-rich peats in the mid-Cretaceous Gates Formation: implications for the interpretation of mid-Albian history of paleowildfires: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 120, p. 235-260.

Langenheim, J.H., 1969, Amber: a botanical inquiry: Science, v. 163, no. 3872, p. 1157-1169.

Langenheim, J.H., 1990, Plant resins: American Scientist, v. 78, p. 16-24.

Langenheim, J.H., 1995, Biology of amber-producing trees: focus on case studies of Hymenaea and Agathis, in K.B. Anderson and J.C. Crelling, eds., Amber, resinite, and fossil resins: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society Symposium Series 617, p. 1-31.

Langenheim, J.H., 2003, Plant resins: Chemistry, evolution, ecology, ethnobotany: Portland, OR, Timber Press, 586 p.

Lapo, A.V., 1978, Comparative characteristics of vitrinites of Carboniferous coals of the Ukraine and Jurassic coals of Siberia: Fuel, v. 57, p. 179-183.

Lester, E., M. Allen, M. Cloke, and B. Atkin, 1996, Analysis of the problems associated with the use of image analysis for microlithotype analysis on solid coal mounts, in R. Gayer and I. Harris, eds., Coalbed methane and coal geology: London, Geological Society Special Publication 109, p. 237-248.

Li, Z., P.M. Fredericks, L. Rintoul, and C.R. Ward, 2007, Application of attenuated total reflectance micro-Fourtier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to the study of coal macerals: Examples from the Bowen Basin, Australia: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 70, p. 87-94.

Litwin, R.J., and S.R. Ash, 1991, First early Mesozoic amber in the western hemisphere: Geology, v. 19, p. 273-276.

Liu, D., and P. Peng, 2008, Possible chemical structures and biological precursors of difference vitrinites in coal measure in northwest China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 204-212.

Liu, S., G.H. Taylor, and M. Shibaoka, 1982, Biochemical gelification and the nature of some huminite macerals, in C.W. Mallett, ed., Coal resources: origin, exploration and utilization in Australia, Proceedings: Geological Society of Australia Coal Group, Symposium, p. 145-152.

Lo, H.B., 1991, Types of vitrinite macerals II: identification of indigenous vitrinites for improved thermal maturity evaluation: TSOP Newsletter, v. 8, no. 1, p. 12-14.

Lowry, H.H., 1942, Relation of the physical constitution of coal to its chemical characteristics: Journal of Geology, v. 50, p. 357-384.

Lyons, P.C., R.B. Finkelman, C.L. Thompson, F.W. Brown, and P.G. Hatcher, 1982, Properties, origin and nomenclature of rodlets of the inertinite maceral group in coals of the Central Appalachian basin, U.S.A.: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 1, p. 313-346.

Lyons, P.C., P.G. Hatcher, J.A. Minkin, C.L. Thompson, R.R. Larson, Z.A. Brown, and R.N. Pheifer, 1984, Resin rodlets in shale and coal (Lower Cretaceous), Baltimore Canyon Trough: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 3, p. 257-278.

Lyons, P.C., P.G. Hatcher, and F.W. Brown, 1986, Secretinite: a proposed new maceral of the inertinite maceral group: Fuel, v. 65, p. 1094-1098.

Lyons, P.C., 1991, Bacteria-like bodies in coalified Carboniferous xylem—enigmatic microspheroids or possible evidence of microbial saprophytes in a vitrinite precursor?: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 18, p. 293-303.

Lyons, P.C., and M. Teichmuller, 1995, Reinhardt Thiessen (1867-1938): Pioneering coal petrologist and stratigraphic palynologist: Geological Society of America Memoir 185.

Lyons, P.C., 2000, Funginite and secretinite—two new macerals of the inertinite maceral group: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 44, p. 95-98.

Lyons, P.C., and M. Mastalerz, 2001, Secretinite—reflectance and chemical data from two high volatile bituminous coals (upper Carboniferous) of North America: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 45, p. 281-287.

Lyons, P.C., 2003, The maceral term "Sclerotinite" has been officially abandoned by the ICCP: ICCP News, No. 28, p. 17-19.

Lyons, P.C., and A.T. Cross, 2005, In memoriam Hugh J. O’Donnell (1910-2004) Pioneer in coal petrography: TSOP Newsletter, v. 22, no. 4, p. 14-15.

Lyons, P.C., M. Mastalerz, and W.H. Orem, 2009, Organic geochemistry of resins from modern Agathis australis and Eocene resins from New Zealand: Diagenetic and taxonomic implications: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 80, p. 51-62.

Mackowsky, M.-Th., 1975, Comparative petrography of Gondwana and northern hemisphere coals related to their origin: Proceedings, Third International Gondwana Symposium, Canberra, p. 195-220.

Marchioni, D., and W. Kalkreuth, 1991, Coal facies interpretations based on lithotype and maceral variations in Lower Cretaceous (Gates Formation) coals of western Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 18, p. 125-162.

Marchioni, D., W. Kalkreuth, J. Utting, and M. Fowler, 1994, Petrographical, palynological and geochemical analyses of the Hub and Harbour seams, Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia; implications for facies development: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 241-270.

Maroto-Valer, M.M., D.N. Taulbee, J.M. Andresen, J.C. Hower, and C.E. Shape, 1998, Quantitative 13C NMR study of structural variations within the vitrinite and inertinite maceral groups for a semifusinite-rich bituminous coal: Fuel, v. 77, p. 805-813.

Marshall, C.E., 1942, Modern conceptions of the physical constitution of coal and related research in Great Britain: Journal of Geology, v. 50, p. 385-405.

Marshall, C.E., 1954, Introduction to a study of the nature and origin of fusain (fusinite): Fuel, v. 33, p. 134-144.

Marshall, C.E., 1955, Coal petrology: Economic Geology, Fiftieth Anniversary Volume, Part 2, p. 757-834.

Marshall, C.E., and J.A. Harrison, 1956, Influence of "fusain" blends upon coke character of Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey Reprint 1962-Q.

Mastalerz, M., R.M. Bustin, and M.N. Lamberson, 1993, Variation in chemistry of vitrinite and semifusinite as a function of associated inertinite content: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 22, p. 149-162.

Mastalerz, M., K.R. Wilks, and R.M. Bustin, 1993, Variation in vitrinite chemistry as a function of associated liptinite content; a microprobe and FT-i.r. investigation: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 555-562.

Mastalerz, M., and R.M. Bustin, 1997, Variation in the chemistry of macerals in coals of the Mist Mountain Formation, Elk Valley coalfield, British Columbia, Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 33, p. 43-59.

Mastalerz, M., and A. Drobniak, 2005, Optical properties of pseudovitrinite; implications for its origin: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 62, p. 250-258.

McCabe, L.C., 1942, Practical significance of the physical constitution of coal in coal preparation: Journal of Geology, v. 50, p. 406-410.

McCartney, J.T., 1970, The granular micrinite component of coal: Fuel, v.49, p. 409-414.

McFarlane, R.A., T. Gentzis, F. Goodarzi, J.V. Hanna, and A.M. Vassallo, 1993, Evolution of the chemical structure of Hat Creek resinite during oxidation: a combined FT-IR photoacoustic, NMR and optical microscopic study: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 22, p. 119-147.

Millais, R., and D.G. Murchison, 1969, Properties of the coal macerals: infra-red spectra of alginates: Fuel, v. 48, p. 247-258.

Misiak, J., 2006, Petrography and depositional environment of the No. 308 coal seam (Upper Silesian coal basin, Poland)—a new approach to maceral quantification and facies analysis: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 68, p. 117-126.

Misra, B.K., B.D. Singh, and G.K.B. Navale, 1990, Resino-inertinites of Indian Permian coals—their origin, genesis and classification: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 14, p. 277-293.

Misra, B.K., and B.D. Singh, 1993, Liptinite macerals in Singrauli coals, India: their characterization and assessment: The Palaeobotanist, v. 42, p. 1-13.

Misra, B.K., B.D. Singh, and A. Singh, 1998, Maceral alginite in Indian coals and lignites: its significance and influence: The Palaeobotanist, v. 47, p. 37-49.

Moore, L.R., 1968, Cannel coals, boghead and oil shales, in D.G. Murchison and T.S. Westoll, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata: Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, p. 19-28.

Moore, T.A., and K.M. Swanson, 1993, Application of etching and SEM in the identification of fossil plant tissues in coal: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 769-777.

Moore, T.A., J.C. Shearer, and S.L. Miller, 1996, Fungal origin of oxidized plant material in the Palangkaraya peat deposit, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia: implications for ‘inertinite’ formation in coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 30, p. 1-23.

Mukhrejee, D.P., D.K. Banerjee, B.U. Shankar, and D.D. Majumder, 1994, Coal petrography: a pattern recognition approach: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 25, p. 155-169.

Mukhopadhyay, P.K. and J.R. Gormly, 1984, Hydrocarbon potential of two types of resinite, in P.A. Schenck, J.W. de Leeuw, and G.W.M. Lumbach, eds., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1983: New York, Pergamon Press, p. 439-454.

Mukhopadhyay, P.K., and P.G. Hatcher, 1993, Composition of coal, in B.E. Law and D.D. Rice, eds., Hydrocarbons from coal: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38, p. 79-118.

Murchison, D.G., and J.M. Jones, 1963, Properties of the coal macerals: elementary composition of resinite: Fuel, v. 42, p. 141-158.

Murchison, D.G., 1966, Properties of coal macerals: infrared spectra of resinites and their carbonized and oxidized products, in R.F. Gould, ed., Coal Science: American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series 55, p. 307-331.

Murchison, D.G., 1976, Resinite: its infrared spectrum and coalification pattern: Fuel, v. 55, p. 79-83.

Murchison, D.G., 1991, Petrographic aspects of coal structure: reactivity of macerals in laboratory and natural environments: Fuel, v. 70, p. 296-315.

Nandi, B.N., and D.S. Montgomery, 1967, Thermal behaviour of massive and granular micrinite: Fuel, v. 46, p. 394-398.

Nandi, B.N., and D.S. Montgomery, 1975, Nature and thermal behaviour of semi-fusinite in Cretaceous coal from western Canada: Fuel, v. 54, p. 193-196.

Neavel, R.C., and L.V. Miller, 1960, Properties of cutinite: Fuel, v. 39, p. 217-222.

Neavel, R.C., and G.K. Guennel, 1960, Indiana paper coal: composition and deposition: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 30, p. 241-248.

Neavel, R.C., 1981, Origin, petrography and classification of coal, in M.A. Elliott, ed., Chemistry of coal utilization, second supplementary volume: New York, John Wiley and Sons, p. 91-158.

Nip, M., J.W. de Leeuw, P.A. Schenck, W. Windig, H.L.C. Meuzelaar, and J.C. Crelling, 1989, A flash pyrolysis and petrographic study of cutinite from the Indiana paper coal: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 671-683.

Okada, K., 1991, Maceral analysis of coals by image processing: Journal of Coal Quality, v. 10, p. 12-19.

Parkash, S., M.P. Du Plessis, A.R. Cameron, and W.D. Kalkreuth, 1984, Petrography of low rank coals with reference to liquefaction potential: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 4, p. 209-234.

Parks, B.C., and H.J. O’Donnell, 1956, Petrography of American coals: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 550, 193 p.

Pawlewicz, M.J., 1988, Microlithotype analysis of three coals from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation near Durango, Colorado, in J.E. Fassett, ed., Geology and coal-bed methane resources of the northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico: Denver, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p. 81-89.

Petersen, H.I., 1998, Morphology, formation and palaeoenvironmental implications of naturally formed char particles in coals and carbonaceous mudstones: Fuel, v. 77, p. 1177-1183.

Philp, R.P., and J.D. Saxby, 1980, Organic geochemistry of coal macerals from the Sydney Basin (Australia), in A.G. Douglas and J.R. Maxwell, eds., Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1979: New York, Pergamon Press, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 12, p. 639-651.

Pickel, W., M. Wolf, and H.W. Hagemann, 1993, Petrographical and geochemical investigations on coals of different liptinite content: 12th International Congress of Stratigraphy and Geology of the Carboniferous and Permian, Comptes Rendus, v. 1, p. 253-266.

Potter, J., B.C. Richards, and A.R. Cameron, 1993, The petrology and origin of coals from the lower Carboniferous Mattson Formation, southwestern district of Mackenzie, Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 24, p. 113-140. (origin of micrinite and macrinite)

Püttmann, W., Y.Z. Sun, and W. Kalkreuth, 1994, Variation of petrological and geochemical compositions in a sequence of humic coals, cannel coals, and oil shales: Energy & Fuels, v. 8, p. 1460-1468. (bituminite)

Rentel, K., 1987, The combined maceral-microlithotype analysis for the characterization of reactive inertinites: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 9, p. 77-86.

Renton, J.J., and D.S. Bird, 1991, Association of coal macerals, sulfur, sulfur species and the iron disulphide minerals in three columns of the Pittsburgh coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 17, p. 21-50.

Rowe, N.P., and T.P. Jones, 2000, Devonian charcoal: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 164, p. 331-338.

Sander, P.M., and C.T. Gee, 1990, Fossil charcoal: techniques and applications: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 63, p. 269-279.

Schopf, J.M., 1971, Comment about the origin of micrinite: Economic Geology, v. 66, p. 1153-1156.

Schopf, J.M., 1975, Modes of fossil preservation: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 20, p. 27-53.

Scott, A.C., 1989, Observations on the nature and origin of fusain: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 12, p. 443-475.

Scott, A.C., 1990, Anatomical preservation of fossil plants, in D.E.G. Briggs and P.R. Crowther, eds., Palaeobiology, a synthesis: Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 263-266.

Scott, A.C., 1991, An introduction to the applications of palaeobotany and palynology to coal geology: Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, v. 162, p. 145-153.

Scott, A.C., and T.P. Jones, 1994, The nature and influence of fire in Carboniferous ecosystems: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, p. 91-112.

Scott, A.C., 2002, Coal petrology and the origin of coal macerals: a way ahead?: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 50, p. 119-134.

Scott, A.C., and I. J. Glasspool, 2007, Observations and experiments on the origin and formation of inertinite group macerals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 70, p. 53-66.

Selvig, W.A., 1945, Resins of coal: U.S. Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 680, 24 p.

Sen, S., 1992, Usefulness of petrographic classification in defining national coal resources: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 20, p. 263-275.

Senftle, J.T., X. Wang, and I. Lerche, 1990, Normalized power spectrum of fluorescence spectra alteration: a method of characterizing resins and resinite kerogens: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 15, p. 53-61.

Shearer, J.C., and T.A. Moore, 1992, Why are some coals banded? (abstract): TSOP 9th Annual Meeting Abstracts and Program, p. 95-98. (vitrain formed from secondary xylem tissue)

Shibaoka, M., 1978, Micrinite and exudatinite in some Australian coals, and their relation to the generation of petroleum: Fuel, v. 57, p. 73-77.

Shibaoka, M., 1978, Occurrence of ‘exudatinite’ in brown coals: Fuel, v. 57, p. 798-799.

Shibaoka, M., 1983, Genesis of micrinite in some Australian coals: Fuel, v. 62, p. 639-644.

Skolnick, H., 1958, Observations on fusain: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 42, p. 2223-2236.

Smith, A.H.V., 1962, The palaeoecology of Carboniferous peats based on the miospores and petrography of bituminous coals, reprinted in M.D. Muir and W.A.S. Sarjeant, eds., Palynology, part I; Spores and pollen: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Benchmark Papers in Geology, no. 46, p. 334-368.

Smith, G.C., and A.C. Cook, 1980, Coalification paths of exinite, vitrinite and inertinite: Fuel, v. 59, p. 641-646.

Smyth, M., and M.J. Buckley, 1993, Statistical analysis of the microlithotype sequences in the Bulli seam, Australia, and relevance to permeability for coal gas: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 22, p. 167-187.

Spackman, W., 1958, The maceral concept and the study of modern environments as a means of understanding the nature of coal: Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, series II, v. 20, no. 5, p. 411-423.

Spackman, W., and R. Thompson, 1964, A coal constituent classification designed to evolve as knowledge of coal composition evolves: Cinquieme Congres International de Stratigraphie de Geologie due Carbonifere, Paris, p. 239-253.

Sprunk, G.C., and R. Thiessen, 1935, Relation of microscopic composition of coal to chemical, coking, and by-product properties: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, v. 27, p. 446-451.

Stach, E., 1968, Basic principles of coal petrology: macerals, microlithotypes and some effects of coalification, in D.G. Murchison and T.S. Westoll, eds., Coal and coal-bearing strata: Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd, p. 3-17.

Stach, E., M.-Th. Mackowsky, M. Teichmüller, G.H. Taylor, D. Chandra, and R. Teichmüller, 1982, Stach’s textbook of coal petrology (3rd revised and enlarged edition): Berlin-Stuttgart, Gebrüder Borntraeger, 535 p.

Stankiewicz, B.A., M.A. Kruge, and J.C. Crelling, 1994, Geochemical characterization of maceral concentrates from Herrin No. 6 coal (Illinois Basin) and Lower Toarcian Shale kerogen (Paris Basin): Bulletin Des Centres De Recherches Exploration-Production, Special Publication 18, p. 237-251.

Stankiewicz, B.A., M.A. Kruge, J.C. Crelling, and G.L. Salmon, 1994, Density gradient centrifugation: application to the separation of macerals of type I, II, and III sedimentary organic matter: Energy and Fuels, v. 8, p. 1513-1521.

Stanton, R.W., and T.A. Moore, 1991, Types of vitrinite macerals I: the necessity for etching: TSOP Newsletter, v. 8, no. 1, p. 8-11.

Stanton, R.W., 1993, The role of petrography in coal characterization, in S.-H. Chiang, ed., Coal—energy and the environment: Tenth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Proceedings, p. 295-297.

Stasiuk, L.D., 1993, Algal bloom episodes and the formation of bituminite and micrinite in hydrocarbon source rocks: evidence from the Devonian and Mississippian, northern Williston Basin, Canada: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 24, p. 195-210.

Stasiuk, L.D., and K.G. Osadetz, 1993, Thermal maturity, alginite-bitumen transformation, and hydrocarbon generation in Upper Ordovician source rocks, Saskatchewan, Canada: Energy Sources, v. 15, p. 205-237.

Stefanova, M., and B.R.T. Simoneit, 2008, Polar aromatic biomarkers of Miocene-aged Chukurovo resinite and correlation with a progenitor macrofossil: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 75, p. 166-174.

Stopes, M.C., 1919, On the four visible ingredients in banded bituminous coals: Proc. Roy. Soc., Ser. B, v. 90, p. 470-487.

Stopes, M.C., 1935, On the petrology of banded bituminous coal: Fuel, v. 14, p. 4-13.

Suárez-Ruiz, I., 2004, Summary of the activities developed by the Coal Blends Working Group: ICCP News, No. 32, p. 14-21.

Suárez-Ruiz, I., and C.R. Ward, 2008, Basic factors controlling coal quality and technological behavior of coal, in I. Suárez-Ruiz and J.C. Crelling, eds., Applied coal petrology: the role of petrology in coal utilization: New York, Academic Press, p. 19-59.

Sun, X., 2002, The optical features and hydrocarbon-generating model of "barkinite" from Late Permian coals in south China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 51, p. 251-261.

Sun, Y., 2003, Petrologic and geochemical characteristics of "barkinite" from the Dahe mine, Guizhou Province, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 56, p. 269-276.

Sýkorová, I., W. Pickel, K. Christanis, M. Wolf, G.H. Taylor, and D. Flores, 2005, Classification of huminite—ICCP System 1994: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 62, p. 85-106.

Taulbee, D., S.H. Poe, T. Robl, and B. Keogh, 1989, Density gradient centrifugation separation and characterization of maceral groups from a mixed maceral bituminous coal: Energy Fuels, v. 3, p. 662-670.

Taulbee, D.N., J.C. Hower, and S.F. Greb, 1991, Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: proposed mechanism of formation: Organic Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 557-565.

Taylor, G.H., and A.C. Cook, 1962, Sclerotinite in coal—its petrology and classification: Geological Magazine, v. 99, p. 41-52.

Taylor, G.H., M. Shibaoka, and S.Y. Liu, 1982, Characterization of huminite macerals: Fuel, v. 61, p. 1197-1200.

Taylor, G.H., and S.Y. Liu, 1987, Biodegradation in coals and other organic-rich rocks: Fuel, v. 66, p. 1269-1273.

Taylor, G.H., and S.Y. Liu, 1989, The maturation of liptinite, in C.G. Thomas and M.G. Strachan, eds., Proceedings of the Macerals ’89 symposium: North Ryde, NSW, CSIRO, p. 11-1 to 11-8.

Taylor, G.H., and S.Y. Liu, 1989, Micrinite—its nature, origin and significance: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 14, p. 29-46.

Taylor, G.H., S.Y. Liu, and M. Teichmüller, 1991, Bituminite—a TEM view: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 18, p. 71-85.

Taylor, G.H., and M. Teichmüller, 1993, Observations on fluorinite and fluorescent vitrinite with the transmission electron microscope: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 22, p. 61-82.

Taylor, G.H., M. Teichmuller, A. Davis, C.F.K. Diessel, R. Littke, and P. Robert, 1998, Organic petrology: Berlin & Stuttgart, Gebruder Borntraeger, 704 p.

Tegelaar, E.W., J. Wattendorff, and J.W. de Leeuw, 1993, Possible effects of chemical heterogeneity in higher land plant cuticles on the preservation of its ultrastructure upon fossilization: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 77, p. 149-170.

Thiessen, R., 1920, Compilation and composition of bituminous coals: Journal of Geology, v. 28, p. 185-209.

Thiessen, R., 1920, Structure in Paleozoic bituminous coals: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 117, 296 p.

Thiessen, R., 1925, Origin of the boghead coals: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 132-I, p. 121-138.

Thiessen, R., 1926, The micro-structure of coal: London, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, v. 74, p. 535-557.

Thiessen, R., and W. Francis, 1929, Terminology in coal research: U.S. Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 446, 27 p.

Thiessen, R., 1930, Splint coal: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Transactions, v. 88, p. 644-671.

Thiessen, R., 1931, Recently developed methods of research in the constitution of coal and their application to Illinois coals: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 60, p. 117-147.

Thiessen, R., and G.C. Sprunk, 1935, Microscopic and petrographic studies of certain American coals: U.S. Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 564, 71 p.

Thiessen, R., and G.C. Sprunk, 1936, The origin of the finely divided or granular opague matter in splint coals: Fuel, v. 15, p. 304-315.

Thomas, C.G., M.E. Gosnell, E. Gawronski, D. Phong-Anant, and M. Shibaoka, 1993, The behaviour of inertinite macerals under pulverized fuel (pf) combustion conditions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 779-788.

Thompson, C.L., P.C. Lyons, R.B. Finkelman, F.W. Brown, and P.G. Hatcher, 1983, Microscopy of sclerotinites in the coal beds of the central part of the Appalachian coal field, U.S.A.: Journal of Microscopy, v. 132, pt. 3, p. 267-277.

Ting, F.T.C., 1978, Petrographic techniques in coal analysis, in C. Karr, Jr., ed., Analytical methods for coal and coal products, v. 1: New York, Academic Press, p. 3-26.

Ting, F.T.C., 1982, Coal macerals, in R.A. Meyers, ed., Coal structure: New York, Academic Press, p. 7-49.

Traverse, A., 1955, Occurrence of the oil-forming alga Botryococcus in lignites and other Tertiary sediments: Micropaleontology, v. 1, p. 343-349.

Trimble, A.S., and J.C. Hower, 2000, Maceral/microlithotype analysis of the progressive grinding of a central Appalachian high-volatile bituminous coal blend: Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, v. 17, p. 234-243.

Trimble, A.S., and H.C. Hower, 2003, Studies of the relationship between coal petrology and grinding properties: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 54, p. 253-260.

Tsai, L.L., 1995, Petrographic fabric analyses of sporinite: a new technique in coal characterization, in J.A. Pajares and J.M.D. Tascon, eds., Coal science: New York, Elsevier, Coal Science and Technology 24, v. 1, p. 247-250.

Uhl, D., A.A. Hamad, H. Kerp, and K. Bandel, 2007, Evidence for palaeo-wildfire in the Late Permian palaeotropics—charcoalified wood from the Um Irna Formation of Jordan: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 144, p. 221-230.

Unsworth, J.F., C.S. Fowler, and L.F. Jones, 1989, Moisture in coal: 2. Maceral effects on pore structure: Fuel, v. 68, p. 18-26.

Van Bergen, P.F., M.E. Collinson, A.C. Scott, and J.W. De Leeuw, 1995, Unusual resin chemistry from upper Carboniferous pteridosperm resin rodlets, in K. Anderson and J.C. Crelling, eds., Amber, resinite, and fossil resin: Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 617, p. 149-169.

Van Niekerk, D., R.J. Pugmire, M.S. Solum, P.C. Painter, and J.P. Mathews, 2008, Structural characterization of vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich Permian-aged South African bituminous coals: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 76, p. 290-300.

Van Niekerk, D., P.M. Hallack, and J.P. Mathews, 2009, Solvent swelling behavior of Permian-aged South African vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich coals: Fuel, v. 89, p. 19-25.

Van Niekerk, D., and J.P. Mathews, 2009, Molecular representations of Permian-aged vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich South African coals: Fuel, v. 89, p. 73-82.

Wang, Z., J.C. Hower, J.C. Ferm, and G.D. Wild, 1996, Characteristics of lithotype thickness and sequential association of some Kentucky coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, p. 189-195.

Ward, C.R., Z. Li, and L.W. Gurba, 2005, Variations in coal maceral chemistry with rank advance in the German Creek and Moranbah coal measures of the Bowen Basin, Australia, using electron microprobe techniques: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 63, p. 117-129.

Ward, S.D., T.A. Moore, and J. Newman, 1995, Floral assemblage of the "D" coal seam (Cretaceous): implications for banding characteristics in New Zealand coal seams: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 38, p. 283-297. (origin of vitrain)

Wei, Z., J.M. Moldowan, D.M. Jarvie, and R. Hill, 2006, The fate of diamondoids in coals and sedimentary rocks: Geology, v. 34, p. 1013-1016.

White, D., 1909, Occurrence of resin in Paleozoic coals: Science, v. 29, p. 945.

White, D., R. Thiessen, and C.A. Davis, 1913, The origin of coal: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 38, 390 p.

White, D., 1914, Resins in Paleozoic plants and in coals of high rank: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 85-E, p. 65-83.

White, D., 1929, Description of fossil plants found in some "mother rocks" of petroleum from northern Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 13, p. 841-848. (algal coals)

Wild, G.D., K.W. Kuehn, and J.C. Hower, 2000, Assessment of compositional variation in duplicate samples of pelletized coal: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 42, p. 231-240.

Winans, R.E., and J.C. Crelling, eds., 1984, Chemistry and characterization of coal macerals: Washington D.C., American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 252, 184 p.

Winston, R.B., 1993, Reassessment of the evidence for primary fusinite and degradofusinite: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 209-221.

Yu, K., J.C. Barry, and J.S. Esterle, 1997, Analysis of coal banding texture and implications for megascopic image analysis: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 33, p. 1-18.

Zodrow, E.L., 2009, Pennsylvanian seed-fern trunk: fusinite, charcoal, or both?: TSOP Newsletter, v. 26, no. 3, p. 7.